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港口环境污染的研究主要集中在港区水体和沉积物污染程度、污染源分析和污染物的水平或垂直分布特点。对于港口内主要污染源之一，矿产品堆场重金属溶出导致的直接环境污染未见报道。本文通过实验发现滞港矿产品堆场会有重金属有害物质溶出。遴选进口铜精矿作为污染源进行分析，考虑环境因素对其重金属污染物的溶出，利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射光谱等手段分析原因，发现铜精矿中重金属溶出浓度与矿粉颗粒比表面积相关，硫化矿的重金属水溶出性要大于氧化矿，有害物质溶出情况与伴生矿相关。为探究环境因素影响，采用静态溶出实验法，系统考察了浸泡时间、pH值（3.5～7.5）和温度（25～40℃）对铜精矿中镍（Ni）溶出行为的影响规律。通过静态溶出实验发现10 d以内铜精矿中镍溶出浓度持续增加，在3.5～7.5的pH值范围内镍溶出浓度无显著变化，25～40℃温度范围内铜精矿中镍溶出浓度出现了先上升后下降的趋势，在30℃时达到最高值。最后基于实验数据，建立了铜精矿堆场镍的静态溶出动力学模型，并依据溶出量与环境排放标准的比值进行了环境风险评价。综上，进口铜精矿堆场是港口重金属污染的高风险源，其镍溶出行为受时间影响显著，而对pH值和温度变化相对不敏感，建立静态溶出模型并进行风险评价，风险指数远超高风险阈值，必须采取针对性的防控措施。
Abstract：Environmental pollution in port areas has predominantly been investigated in terms of contamination levels in water bodies and sediments,identification of pollution sources,and the horizontal or vertical distribution patterns of pollutants. However,there remains a notable research gap regarding the direct environmental impact caused by the leaching of heavy metals from mineral stockyards within ports. To delve into this phenomenon,imported copper concentrate was selected as a representative pollution source due to its high volume and potential environmental risk. Using advanced analytical techniques such as scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD),the leaching behavior of heavy metal pollutants from copper concentrate was systematically analyzed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The results indicate that the concentration of leached heavy metals from copper concentrate is significantly correlated with the specific surface area of ore particles,with finer and more porous particles exhibiting a greater release potential. Additionally,it was observed that sulfide ores have a higher water leachability of heavy metals compared to oxidized ores,highlighting the crucial role of mineral composition in metal mobilization. Moreover,the leaching behavior of hazardous substances was found to be closely associated with the presence and abundance of specific gangue or associated minerals,emphasizing the influence of ore genesis and mineral paragenesis on environmental risk. To further assess the impact of environmental conditions,static leaching experiments were conducted in a controlled laboratory setting. These experiments systematically evaluated the effects of key environmental variables-namely,immersion time,pH value(ranging from 3. 5 to 7. 5),and temperature(ranging from 25 to 40 ℃)-on the leaching dynamics of nickel(Ni),a critical heavy metal in copper concentrate. The experimental results revealed that the Ni concentration in the leachate increased continuously over the first 10 d,peaking before gradually declining,indicating a time-dependent dissolution process likely governed by surface reaction kinetics. In contrast,Ni leaching exhibited minimal sensitivity to pH value variations across the tested acidic to near-neutral range(3. 5-7. 5),suggesting that protonpromoted dissolution is not the dominant mechanism under these conditions. Regarding temperature,Ni leaching showed a nonlinear response:concentrations initially increased with rising temperature,peaked at 30 ℃,and then decreased at higher temperatures(up to 40 ℃),possibly due to changes in solubility or secondary precipitation processes. Based on the experimental data,a static leaching kinetic model was developed to describe the temporal release pattern of Ni from copper concentrate piles. Additionally,an environmental risk assessment was performed by calculating a risk index based on the ratio of measured Ni leaching concentrations to the regulatory discharge limits specified in the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard(GB 8978—1996). The calculated risk index(R=82. 8) far exceeded the high-risk threshold(R>3),clearly classifying the imported copper concentrate stockyard as a high-risk source of heavy metal pollution. In conclusion,this study demonstrates that copper concentrate stockpiles in ports pose a significant environmental threat,primarily through the time-dependent release of nickel. Although Ni leaching is strongly influenced by contact duration,it shows relative insensitivity to fluctuations in pH and temperature within the studied ranges. These findings underscore the necessity for targeted pollution control strategies,such as ground sealing,runoff containment,and optimized storage practices,to mitigate the environmental impact of mineral handling operations in port environments.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.20236/j.CJIAC.2026.01.003
中图分类号:X820.4;O657.3
引用信息:
[1]王振坤,严莎,马辉,等.进口矿产品港口堆场重金属溶出规律研究和环境风险评价[J].中国无机分析化学,2026,16(01):24-34.DOI:10.20236/j.CJIAC.2026.01.003.
基金信息:
海关总署科研项目(2020HK259)~~
2025-10-09
2025-10-09
2025-10-09